Patients with severe major depressive disorders, altered state of consciousness like delirium, severe loss of hearing or sight, or language disorders were also excluded. Subjects with dementia or any mental or physical disease that may affect cognitive functioning, such as alcohol or other substance abuse, history of infarction, any evidence of central nervous system disorders or brain damage were excluded. Assessments of their physical and neuropsychiatric disorders were performed by 2 community dementia center consultant psychiatrists with 6 years and 15 years of experience, respectively. Subjects were recruited from a community-based center from March 2013 to June 2016 through recruitment announcements. In the present study, we examined the associations of demographic factors (sex, age, and education) and CR with MoCA and compared the level of reflection of CR in MoCA and MMSE using CRIq as a comprehensive measure of CR. Moreover, comparisons of the level at which MoCA and MMSE reflect CR are lacking. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have assessed the degree to which MoCA reflects CR. Recently, a study reported that educational domain in CR can affect MoCA and MMSE scores in patients with MCI. Unlike other measurements, which only evaluate current activities of 1 or 2 domains, CRIq considers activities from all 3 subdomains throughout adulthood, including the frequency of the activities.Īs the MoCA exhibits higher sensitivity than the MMSE in cognitive decline in the early stages of AD, the MoCA might be more sensitive to factors such as age, sex, and CR than MMSE. , has advantages over other measures assessing comprehensive CR CRIq measures 3 subdomains, i.e., education, occupation, and leisure activities, which are the most used proxies of CR. The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), which has been developed by Nucci et al. Several measures have been developed to assess CR using these variables. CR is associated with diverse factors of life experience such as higher intellectual quotient (IQ), education, occupational complexity and duration, and lifestyle. Moreover, a meta-analysis reported that higher CR lowers the risk for incidence of dementia to 54%. It has been suggested that environmental factors play an important role in the onset of AD. CR is believed to counter the effects of aging or brain damage. Ĭognitive Reserve (CR) is a concept based on the plasticity of the brain. Moreover, MoCA is not only highly sensitive in identifying patients with AD, but also non-AD patients who demonstrate behavioral variants of frontotemporal dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, and vascular dementia. Previous studies have indicated that the MoCA exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in other languages as well. MoCA has shown higher sensitivity in detecting cognitive decline than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), another common clinical screening tool for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is known to distinguish patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) from the normal population. Therefore, the development and standardization of effective screening tools are required. This increase emphasizes the importance of early detection and treatment of dementia. In recent years, the number of patients with dementia has increased worldwide. Therefore, we suggest that MoCA can be used to assess CR and early cognitive decline. In this study, we show that the MoCA score reflects CR more sensitively than the MMSE score. The MoCA differed from the MMSE in the reflection of total CRI ( Z = 2.30). Correlation and regression analyses of the MoCA, MMSE and CRIq scores were performed, and the MoCA score was compared with the MMSE score to evaluate the degree to which the MoCA reflected CR. Normative data and associated factors of the MoCA were identified. MoCA, MMSE, and the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) were administered to 221 healthy participants. Furthermore, we assessed whether there were any differences in the efficacy between the MoCA and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in reflecting CR.

We aimed to assess whether the MoCA reflects CR. Recently Cognitive Reserve (CR) has been introduced as a factor that compensates cognitive decline. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is known to have discriminative power for patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

Moca test scores